Business Proposal for a Retail Shop Selling Sports Clothing and Equipme

Business Proposal for a Retail Shop Selling Sports Clothing and Equipment - Introduction - In this coursework I have chosen to plan a proposal for a new business. The type of business I have chosen is a sell shop selling sports clothing and equipment. The shop will be called Sporting Glory and will be situated in the High Street of Sutton in Surrey. The aim of the business is to provide quality sports clothing and equipment to its customers at affordable prices. Through this coursework I will decide how the business will be desex up, what stock the business will have to sell (i.e. How much and over what range), how the business will advertise itself, how the business will overcome its competition (if come-at-able at all) and how the business cash will be managed (who invests into the business, how much staff get paid etc.). The location of the business will also be decided as Sutton High Street has the capacity of many shops and a shopping mall/centre therefore it has to be decided exactly where the business will ...

The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Essay -- Eliot Wastelan

The undetermined Romance Between Life and DeathHumans have ceaselessly been fascinated with the unexplained, receiveliness and death being 2 of the most popular. Much of the grow of the United States, as well as the cultures of other countries, is devoted to these two themes. Television shows, books, poems and even movies have fueled our romance. In T.S. Eliots most far-famed poem The Wasteland, he says, I will show you fear in a handful of dust (l. 30). Our romance with death does not just let in the finality of the process, but also the realization of our need to improve our lives, because we finally realize just how precious they are. It is often said you dont whop what youve got til its gone. In his book No Past, No Present, No Future, Yulisa Amadu Maddy tells of the purport and times of three boys, and how they learn this to be true. Early on in his life, all(prenominal) boy has an incident with death, and raises his own questions about each. Joe Bengoh loses his pare nts, Santige loses his father, and Ade faces the death of a girl named Mary. Their questions come from the hurt of not knowing what is to happen in their future. severally boy has something to struggle with during these deaths, and must learn how to overcome their difficulties. Santige wonders about the bequest of his father, Joe about his mistakes with Mary, and Ade is cold to the whole situation. Joe wants to die when Mary dies, because he feels creditworthy for everything, including Santige and Ade. However responsible each boy feels, they find something new to live for, and rebuild the tatters of their broken past lives. Be it for good or bad, each decides to go their own separate way and make a new life in England. Joe finds he can excel in school and even finds a... ...ww.c-span.org/campaign2000/bushspeech.asp.Brooks, David. Bobos in Paradise The newborn Upper Class and How They Got There. New York Simon, 2000. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and former(a) Poems. New York Dover, 1998. Gore, Albert Jr., Concession rescue. C-Span.Org Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000 24 Jan. 2001. http//www.c-span.org/campaign2000/gorespeech.asp.Jin, Ha. Waiting. New York Vintage, 2000. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann-Reed, 1996..Sparks, Nicholas. The Notebook. Warner Books Inc. new york. 1996Tanksley, Charlie. Speech on the Proposed New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001.< http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/ iris diaphragm/tankspeech.html.Taylor, Mark. Remarks on the New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/taylor0130.html The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Essay -- Eliot WastelanThe Unexplained Romance Between Life and DeathHumans have always been fascinated with the unexplained, life and death being two of the most popular. Much of the culture of the United States, as well as the cultures of other countries, is devoted to these two themes. Telev ision shows, books, poems and even movies have fueled our romance. In T.S. Eliots most famous poem The Wasteland, he says, I will show you fear in a handful of dust (l. 30). Our romance with death does not just include the finality of the process, but also the realization of our need to improve our lives, because we finally realize just how precious they are. It is often said you dont know what youve got til its gone. In his book No Past, No Present, No Future, Yulisa Amadu Maddy tells of the life and times of three boys, and how they learn this to be true. Early on in his life, each boy has an incident with death, and raises his own questions about each. Joe Bengoh loses his parents, Santige loses his father, and Ade faces the death of a girl named Mary. Their questions come from the hurt of not knowing what is to happen in their future. Each boy has something to struggle with during these deaths, and must learn how to overcome their difficulties. Santige wonders about the legacy o f his father, Joe about his mistakes with Mary, and Ade is cold to the whole situation. Joe wants to die when Mary dies, because he feels responsible for everything, including Santige and Ade. However responsible each boy feels, they find something new to live for, and rebuild the tatters of their broken past lives. Be it for good or bad, each decides to go their own separate way and make a new life in England. Joe finds he can excel in school and even finds a... ...ww.c-span.org/campaign2000/bushspeech.asp.Brooks, David. Bobos in Paradise The New Upper Class and How They Got There. New York Simon, 2000. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. New York Dover, 1998. Gore, Albert Jr., Concession Speech. C-Span.Org Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000 24 Jan. 2001. http//www.c-span.org/campaign2000/gorespeech.asp.Jin, Ha. Waiting. New York Vintage, 2000. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann-Reed, 1996..Sparks, Nicholas. The Note book. Warner Books Inc. new york. 1996Tanksley, Charlie. Speech on the Proposed New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001.< http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/tankspeech.html.Taylor, Mark. Remarks on the New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/taylor0130.html

GATHERING OF OLD MEN :: essays research papers

A Gathering of Old Men by grave J. Gaines is a great novel about race relations in the south. The novel begins with a child narrator who relates the report that there has been a guessing on a Louisiana plantation, and a white, Cajun farmer Beau Boutan, is dead. He has been killed in the yard of an old unrelenting worker, Mathu. Because of the traditional meshing between Cajuns and blacks in South Louisiana, the tension in the situation and the fear of the black people is immediately felt in the novel. I would definitely recommend this book to mortal else.Gaines uses the fifteen narrators to deal with the changing relationship between the Cajuns and the blacks in Louisiana. As each narrator picks up the story, we see the tension between the past and the present, the conflict between the whites and the blacks. This allows Gaines to set up the unfolding of the depths of character and the courage of the men.Mapes, the white sheriff who traditionally dealt with the black people by t he use of intimidation and force, finds himself in a frustrating situation of having to deal with a group of black men, each carrying a shotgun and claiming that he shot Beau Boutan. In addition, Candy Marshall, the new-fashioned white woman whose family owns the plantation, claims that she did it. As each person tells the story, he takes the blame and, with it the glory.Gaines technique allows the characters to reveal themselves and their relations with others. We hear the story through the voices of the old black men, a black woman, a child, and the white narrators. We not only see the conflicts of the blacks, but also the conflicts of the Cajuns as well.It is very interesting the Gaines didnt give the third main characters a voice. The reason that I think that he did it this way is because Mathu knows what really happened. He is the only one who knows who killed Beau Boutan.

Shakespeares Macbeth - Villain, Tragic Hero, or Simply Ambitious ? Ess

Macbeth Villain, Tragic Hero, or Simply Ambitious ? The play MacBeth conforms to the definition of a tragedy A play in verse or in prose dealing with tragic events, usually ending in the downfall of the protagonist1. However, many sections of MacBeth do not describe a tragic hero, but merely a villain or a lord who is overly ambitious and pays the consequences for his actions. MacBeth is a tragedy that challenges the very foundations of that genre, set by Aristotle and Plato in the third century B.C. These foundations had been part of the text Poetics, in which Aristotle listed the six requirements of dramatic tragedy, one of which is the inclusion of a tragic hero, a fundamental that has been followed by many tragedians including Sophocles, Aeschylus, ONeill and Shakespeare himself in his other tragedies. MacBeth however is different from these tragedies in that the protagonist is not clearly defined as a tragic hero, the ratifier may view glimpses of a hero in MacBeth but not in substantial amounts, so this is neither completely validated nor revoked by Shakespeare. In order to come to a conclusion the reader must take into consideration not only MacBeths intentions but those of the people around him as well, such as Lady MacBeth and the three Weird Sisters, both of whom can be deemed to have influenced his actions in some way. MacBeths downfall and ultimate constituent begins with his decision to murder King Duncan. Yet, from what the reader has seen of MacBeth so far, this action seems highly out of character. He is initially portrayed a loyal warrior who has a wife and his own castle, and yet he still chooses to murder Duncan. The apparent reason for this is ambition, we are told this by Ma... ...d, not once was he forced into doing anything that was not want by him. On many occasions, the reader is tempted to see MacBeth as a simple villain and yet his resolve to carry out what he had already started influences them to rethink their opinion on h is status as a villain. This remarkable blend of a tragic hero, a villain and a man raise with sheer determination is one that allows MacBeth to stand out arguably as one of the finest morality plays ever written. 1. Concise Oxford dictionary Bibliography English 366 Studies in Shakespeare launching to Macbeth http//www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/eng366/index.htm Barnet, Sylvan. Shakespeares MacBeth, Signet Classic 1987 Shakespeares Macbeth, a Play for our Time http//www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/mac/intro.html Aristotle, Poetics http//planetpapers.com/poetics/1209.html

History of the internet :: essays research papers fc

History of the internetIntroductionThe network has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the give for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for gathering information, and a medium for communication and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographical location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in package switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, the average person comm except uses terms like mclennoxilink.nis.za and http//lennox.w3.to.The Internet today is a general information infrastructure, the initial prot otype of what is often called the National Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations. The Initial Internet ConceptsThe original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks, beginning with the ARPANET as the pioneering package switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and other networks. In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not dictated by a extra network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwork with the other networks. Up until that time there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditional circuit swit ching method where networks would link up at the circuit level, passing individual bits on a coincident basis along a portion of an end-to-end circuit between a pair of end locations. Kleinrock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more(prenominal) efficient switching method. Along with packet switching, special purpose interconnection arrangements between networks were another possibility. While there were other limited ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a component of the other. In an open-architecture network, the individual networks may be separately intentional and certain and each may have its own unique interface which it may offer to users and other Internet providers. Each network can be designed in accordance with the specific environment and user requirements of that network.

History of the internet :: essays research papers fc

History of the internetIntroductionThe Internet has revolutionized the computer and communication theory world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for throng information, and a medium for communication and interaction mingled with individualistics and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to explore and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, the average psyche commonly uses terms like mclennoxilink.nis.za and http//lennox.w3.to.The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National Information Infrastructure. Its history is interwoven and its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to fill electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations. The Initial Internet ConceptsThe original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks, reservoir with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and other networks. In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not dictated by a particular network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwork with the other networks. Up until that time there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditiona l circuit switching method where networks would link up at the circuit level, passing individual bits on a synchronous basis along a portion of an end-to-end circuit between a pair of end locations. Kleinrock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more efficient switching method. Along with packet switching, special purpose interconnection arrangements between networks were another possibility. While there were other limited ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a lot of the other. In an open-architecture network, the individual networks may be separately designed and developed and each may have its own unique interface which it may cover to users and other Internet providers. Each network can be designed in accordance with the specific environment and user requirements of that network.

Paraplegia Essay Essay

AbstractApproximately 11,000 spinal cord injuries involving Paraplegia are reported in the United States yearly. These injuries occur as a result of railway car and motorcycle accidents, f tout ensembles, sporting accidents, and gunshot wounds although, it is also caused by congenital conditions. When the spinal nerve signals below the level of the injury is partially cut off from the drumhead, this results in Paraplegia disability. This is an impairment of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The most affected areas of the spinal canal by Paraplegia are colligate directly both with the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. spinal anesthesia Cord injuries are medical emergencies. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects.There are several effective techniques that can help minimize the impact of these injuries and could help ill patients regain some movement of the joints, ponderousnesss, and extremities. These techniques extent and are not limited to manu al therapy, strong-arm therapy, sport medicine rehabilitation, exercise training, scientific excitant, neurological studies, and emotional support. All these therapies along with the proper professional intervention can help paraplegic patients admit back some sense of support that could lead to their future independency and self worthiness.PARAPLEGIAWhen a person suffers a spinal cord injury most of the neurological information travels from the spinal nerves below the level of injury all the way to the brain. Somehow these spinal nerves stop sending signals to the brain partially cutting off its main function resulting in Paraplegia. There are m either levels of Paraplegia that depend on the severity of the injury which permanently change the spinal cord. There are several effective techniques and practices that have successfully helped with the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. Some of these techniques extent from manual therapies such as stretchability and flexibility e xercise, swimming, and the use of the most innovative technological development today. These therapies help managing the Paraplegia disability and stop the probability from worsen and acquiring complications to the affection. Therefore, offering novel bank and a sense of emotional support to paraplegic patients. If you are an underdog, mentally disabled, physically disabled, if you do not fitin, if you are not as jolly as the others, you can still be a hero. (Guttenberg, 2012).Managing Paraplegia is not an easy task. The disability itself is very breath taking but the people that suffer the disease manage the strength to endure and confront it. Some of the most endurance trainings are physical deteriorating. 1. Stretching and Flexibility exercises are the two most valuable techniques used to treat paraplegia at the present time. Stretching can reduce muscle spasticity and is good to improve flexibility. These exercises also help to reduce other related health problems such as T endonitis and Bursitis. Manual therapy is the hands-on approach that differentiates Physical Therapists from other health practitioners. This practice should be the prime and backbone of any treatment plan because it reeducates the body into its proper movement and mechanics, and helps tremendously in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. There are lonesome(prenominal) two ways to lodge your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. (Einstein).Since most of the Paraplegia cases are rarely known to be overcome, it is scarcely fair to say that some of the emotional stages these patients get to be at lets them acquire some grade of optimism to keep on and have faith that their miracle whitethorn come at any time. Limitations only go so far. (Hensel). The psychological toll paraplegic patients go through is very high, but this does not stops them from making their dreams come true and keep competing in the sports they like the most. For example the paratriathlete, John McLean, who became the first person in a wheelchair to complete the Ironman orb Championship and swim the English Channel in 1995 and 1998. 2. Swimming and aquatic exercises provide optimal conditions for paraplegic patients. The water eliminates the effects of gravity allowing weakened limbs to resonate a greater range of motion. It also helps to support the body so there is less stress on the hips, knees, and spine.Exercises in the water increase muscle power and endurance which help mobilize joints and muscles. Therefore, swimming is definitely a good sport to practice that stimulates the health and wellbeing of people suffering from Paraplegia. being disabled should not mean being disqualified from having access to every aspect of life. (Thompson). Paraplegics should have access to the developmental progress currently happening in the field. Although, everybody does not have the same capability of r from each oneing in the altogethe rengineering doctors should implement it for the well being of their patients. 3. Innovative new technological therapies offer new hope for Paraplegia disability. For example The spinal electric stimulation helps patients to temporarily regain muscle control in their legs, feet, toes, ankles, and knees. The ultrasound therapy also helps generate heat bass in the body that makes it easier to loosen up tissues in the preparation of manual therapy.Last but not least, another alternative to treat Paraplegia is the Ware K. tingle therapy which uses special assisted facilities and equipment made specifically to manipulate the human neurological and nervous systems. This therapy helps paraplegic patients intensify their sensitivity and environmental stimulation. Handicaps are really to be used another way to benefit yourself and others. (Wonder). This type of technology has improved the life of many paraplegic patients. Improving their style of life through technological advances can be a tool they can use to help re-establish their lives in many ways.Although, is a great road ahead more and new researches are being done in order to help paraplegic patients manage the disease. For example in Kentucky for the first time in history and with the usage of a neurostimulator four young men who were paralyzed for several years were able to move their legs again. This progress was obtained through the usage of the electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord. This technology has helped and has given a new light at the end of tunnel and a new resource in the battle of this grand condition.ConclusionScientists are currently using all the available resources in order to fight and possibly cure Paraplegia. It is a big ordeal considering all the factors that contribute to the level of injury each patient has. The amount of time this impairment takes in order to be handled has a big impact in the emotional well being of each individual. All the different kind of therapie s offered to the patients has its pros and cons, but some risks must be taken in order to be able to obtain positive results. The life expectancy for patients with Paraplegia is lower than normal people. Fortunately, during the past several years the survival rate has increased. The truth is that some paraplegic patients will be able to see some kind of improvement along the road, others will still be fighting the disease hopingthat new technology or cure can be created in order to save their lives.I thank God for my handicaps, for, through them, I have found myself, my work, and my God. (Keller). It is only fair to acknowledge that the disease itself, the recuperation process, and the rehabilitation progress take so much strength not only from the patients, but also from each and one of every family member that is involved. The disease takes its own style of life that creates a sense of compassion that should be present in every human being in order to help fight this terrible dise ase.ReferencesLaming, Rebecca and Wolpert, Stuart (2014). Breakthrough therapy allows four paraplegic men to voluntary move their leg. Health and medicine Newsroom, UCLA Health. Kentucky The Oxford University Press. Website http//www.uclahealth.org uniform resource locator http//www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?id=561&action=detail&ref=2412 Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). Paralysis also called Hemiplegia, Palsy, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia. U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH National Institutes of Health. Maryland U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher.Website www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/paralysis.htmlWebsite source www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). Spinal Cord Injuries. U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH National Institutes of Health. Maryland U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.htmlWebsite source www.lirn.net/titles / w ww.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer MMD Newswire (2012). Ware K (TM) Tremor Therapy exploits the vital use of goods and services (TM) plays in our health and wellbeing. Georgia Mass Media Distribution LLC. Publishing.Website http//www.mmdnewswire.comURL http//www.mmdnewswire.com/ware-k-tremor-therapy-chaos-health-1106086.html Odonnell, Leslie (2009). Inspiration quotes for the disabled and those who raise them. Examiner.com. New York AXS Digital Group LLC. Publishing. Website www.examiner.com URL www.examiner.com/ member/inspiration-quotes-for-the-disabled-and-those-who-raise-them Guttenberg, Steve (2012) Newest Edition. BookThe Guttenberg bible A memoir. Volume I, Chapter I, P36. Texas Thomas Dunn Books Publisher. Website www.goodreads.com URL http//u.s.macmillan.com/theguttenbergbible/SteveGuttenberg Ozelie R, Sipple C, Foy T, et al (2009). SCIRehab Project Series The occupational therapy taxonomy. J Spinal Cord Med 32 (3) 283-97. PMC 2718817. US MIT PublishingWebsite www .ncib.nlm.nih.govURL https//www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718817

Avarice in the Crucible

Cambria Anderson Petersen AP English III/Period 3 11 November 2012 Avarice and Vengeance in The crucible The play The Crucible takes place during the Salem Witch Trials of the 1800s. Yet Arthur Miller does not reveal the tragedy of the witch trials in the manner expected. Miller expresses the underlying causes of the accusations made as those stemming from personal greed and the feeling of revenge. Abigail Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Putnam, and Reverend Samuel Parris all have their experience agendas as to why they cry witch on others in their village.Miller outlines the history amongst Abigail Williams and earth-closet Proctor in Act One Abigail was removed from the Proctor home by Elizabeth, Proctors wife, because of an affair happening between her and Proctor. Because of this, Abigail harbors a hate and jealousy towards Elizabeth. In Act Two, a warrant was sent for Elizabeths arrest The girl, the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris house toni ght, and without expression nor warnin she falls to the floor.Like a struck beast, Parris says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. And Parris goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin of her how she come to be so stabbed, she testify it were your wifes familiar spirit pushed it in. (Miller 79) Abigail knew that from the beginning of the witch scare that she could exact revenge on those who she felt wronged her or took something from her, which would be the case of Elizabeth.Abigail knew Mary Warren made a doll, and was planning to give it to Elizabeth she also saw Mary Warren start the needle back in. Abigail took advantage of the situation to provide seemingly irrefutable evidence of witchcraft on Elizabeths part. Through this, Proctor sees that vengeance runs these trials, and how considerably people turn on one another to get what they want. Proctor also knows that Abigails revenge has no limits sh e has no shame, and everlastingly believes that she is right, much bid the character of her uncle, Reverend Parris.At this point, Proctor had to juggle keeping his past a secret from the public and defending Elizabeth, as Abigail will turn on anyone who wrongs her. Mr. doubting Thomas Putnam and Mrs. Ann Putnam have a sorrowful history of losing their newborn children, while only having one that survives. Mrs. Putnam finds comfort in blaming their midwife, Sarah Osburn, for the deaths, saying, I begged Thomas not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shriveled in her hands (I. 50). Mrs. Putnam finds that crying witch on Goody Osburn would solve the murder of her children, yet does not desire to take into account her own role in her pregnancy, being that Miller says she is fourty-five years old (I. 13). Mrs. Putnam, in a way, wants someone to feel the pain of losing seven children, being that she is a narcissistic woman putting her child in the dangers of witchcr aft to find the identity of the person who killed her babies.Accusing someone of witchcraft, and potentially running their life, was the perfect way to exact her questionable revenge. Although Reverend Parris never accused anyone of witchcraft, he refuses to defend Proctor of any charges brought up against him from insulting the court to claims of witchcraft. In Act Three, Parris takes Proctors depositions from Corey Giles and Mary Warren personally, warning Judge Danforth that since he come to Salem Proctor is blackening his name (110) and Proctors come to overthrow this court, Your Honor (97). Aside from trying to protect his reputation, Parris makes such allegations about Proctor in an attempt to prove Proctor as an unreliable messenger. Parris wants to get vengeance for what he feels Proctor has done to him, full as Abigail wants revenge on Elizabeth. But, these alleged wrong-doings have only come from Parriss mouth he seems to enjoy taking things personal when they come fr om Proctor, and the court of justice scene is the perfect place for Parris to return the hate he feels from Proctor.The Salem Witch Trials proved to be a time of tragedy and mass hysteria as accusations ran rapidly through the small Massachusetts village. The source of the witchcraft charges came from the village peoples personal greed and want of retribution, as considerably as many other contributing factors. Abigail, Parris, and the Putnams all used this situation to their advantage, hoping to get some personal satisfaction out of their charges, thus ruining lives of their victims Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor, and Sarah Osburn.

Native American culture Essay

indwelling Amerifannys were influenced by the environ handst, plants, and animals in the argonas in which they settled. almost practices were influenced over beat by migration and contact with other tribes along trade routes. Many tribes used herbs and seeds gathered from their immediate environment and from hunting excursions for mend rituals or ceremonies.Many indispensable medicine practices were lost or driven underground be move they were banned or illegal in parts of the United States until 1987 when the Ameri stand Indian Religious exemption Act was passed. In 1987 there were difficulties with ceremonies and rituals on unutterable sites, as ritual activities are sometimes forbidden because the land now serves other purposes. Today, Native Ameri tush and Ameri so-and-so Indian community-based medical systems still practices some Native American healing rituals, while others secretly practice in their homes and refuse to use formulaic medicine.Those who grew up within the Native American culture still apply what they learned or grew up with, which is healing spiritually along with their illnesses. They do non believe in modern medicine and question any of the practices that are available now. Native Americans tap into the knowledge gained from their ancestors and prefer to sweat it out kind of of giving in to conventional medicine. Beliefs and Practices.With this in mind, the Native American culture carries the understanding that the harmonious balance between oneself, man and nature is sophisticated and should not only exist, but it needs to be respected. Rituals and practices bring participants into harmony with themselves, their tribe and all of life. There is a belief that violating tribal laws carries consequences to include mental and animal(prenominal) illness, ongoing bad luck, disability or trauma. Any violations must be made right in order for harmony and good health to be restored.Among Native Americans, the idea remains that the sickn ess and illness that one experiences is related to a spiritual cause, and in turn creates a disparity between mind, physical structure and spirit. Native Americans deem their bodies as an expression of the spirit and just as each person has to keep harmony with oneself, each person is responsible for his or her own health and also recognizing that all thoughts and action (negative or positive) carries consequences creating either harmony or disharmony. Any disharmony or disparity may cause illnesses.Native Americans believe that they are related to and intertwined with all forms of life therefore they can call on or evoke spirits, which strengthens their inner being and can be called upon to render assistance further emphasizing why harmony and oneness in the Native American culture is a necessity. The Native American philosophy recognizes that there are various aspects of natural world that cannot be seen by the naked eye or with any form of technology, but can only be experienced spiritually.Furthermore, Native American healing also includes a variety of practices such as religion, spirituality, herbal medicine and rituals to treat volume with medical and emotional conditions including the use of sweat baths, usually in a sweat lodge to purify, cleanse and stick out participants to emerge reborn. The lodge is a darken enclo current heated with stones from a fire and represents the warm moist heat of the womb, allowing them to be renewed into the Light of the world. They also wear medicine bags, which are miscellaneous or beaded with designs and patterns for the wearer this is done to entice the spirit of the animal figure of symbol.Most medicine bags usually contain common object such as stones, ash from a ceremony fire, roots and barks, herbs, feathers, dirt from a ceremonial ground, or wood from a tree struck by lightning. Native Americans in the main used herbs to correct and to fix the mind, personate and spirit for example, sage is believed to pro tect against bad spirits, heal the stomach, nasal passages, colon and kidneys cedar is used for coughs and forehead colds and sacred or pure tobacco which allows their breath, the source of life to become visible rising up to the Great Spirit carrying prayers.Native American healing practices take issue greatly, as there are over five hundred and the type of ritual is based on their Native American Nations, which are called tribes. There are many tribal differences and the most sacred traditions are still kept secret, passed from one healer to the next. The most common healing ritual involves herbal remedies which can include teas, tinctures, and salves. For example, one remedy for pain can be treated with bark from a willow tree which contains acetylsalicylic acid also known as aspirin.Native American medicine addresses imbalance on every level of life, from the most personal inner life to the most overt behavior. Some illnesses are believed to be caused by angry spirits a healer would perform a ritual to cleanse this person and them. Disease is not defined by physical pathology, but viewed from an expanded context that includes dust, mind, spirit, emotions, social group, and lifestyle. Most Native Americans believe that illnesses come from spiritual problems and that their healing practices can cure almost anything. Some healers are believed to have cured heart disease, diabetes, thyroidal problems, asthma, and cancer.Scientifically, there is no evidence that supports that Native American healers or herbalists can cure cancer or any diseases and there have been no scientific studies that have supported those claims. On the other hand, individual reports suggest that it can reduce pain and sample and improve tint of life and Native and non-Native Americans alikesuggest that these methods really do work for a range of physical and emotional ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, thyroid conditions, cancer, skin rashes, asthma, alcoholism, and depres sion.Native Americans use a wide variety of treatments such as herbal remedies, purifying rituals, shamanism, and symbolic healing rituals to treat illnesses of both the body and spirit. Native Americans rely heavily on herbal remedies which are used to treat physical conditions, whereas purifying rituals are used to cleanse and prepare the body for healing. Shamanism refers to the belief and practice of communication with the spiritual world. Shamans are intermediaries between the human and spiritual world and treat sickness and diseases by healing the spirit. exemplary healing rituals use ceremonies involves the community and sometimes included chanting, singing, painting bodies, dancing, exorcisms, sand paintings, and limited use of mind-altering substances can be incorporated into the ritual to convey the spirits to heal the sick person. These rituals can last hours or even weeks and are a way of asking for help from the spiritual dimension and the healing treatments are usuall y a slow process, spread over days or weeks.The person who is ill is with the healer most of the time to make sure that the healer can connect with the spirit of the one who is ill. Prayer is also an essential part of all Native American healing technique. Most Native Americans see their healers for spiritual reasons, such as to seek guidance, truth, balance, reassurance, and spiritual well-being and call conventional medicine a cure to the white mans illness. They prefer to use spiritual healers and native remedies in place of conventional medicine. ConclusionFinally, Native American health beliefs and practices as patients and as medical professionals can have an adverse effect. Healers and family members perform or participate in ceremonies to rid patients of bad spirits, or offer song and prayer in blessing a room where someone has died, but modern medicine, also known as the cure to the white mans illness still has to intervene. This intervention is frequently a must as herbs and potions used by herbalists, medicine men and women may have not been thoroughly tested to find out how they act with medicines, foods, or dietary supplements.When a Native American physician goes to see a patient, due to strong cultural doctrines and beliefs, eye contact is avoided and speaks in third person when delivering a difficult diagnosis. If the patient does not inquire about the chances of survival, nothing is said about it. Strongly held Navajo cultural tenets do not allow directly linking a person to an illness and its consequences. To do so could be interpreted as wishing harm. Cultural deference only goes so cold ultimately, the patient has the right to know everything and all options for treatment in order to make an informed decision.Nowadays, Native American patients may seek medicine men for encouragement and to restore their spirituality, yet they also must put faith in modern doctors. Bridging the cultural chasm between physicians and traditional healers is seen as essential for up care to the Native American population. Although Native American healing has not been shown to cure disease, anecdotal reports suggest that it can reduce pain and stress, and improve quality of life.Also, due to the limitations in the studies that were conducted, it is impossible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of Native American healing, consequently requiring more clinical studies to confirm the benefits of the specific healing methods. Regardless, the communal support provided by this type of healing could have beneficial effects. Prayers, introspection, herbal remedies native ceremonies, rituals and meditation can be calming, reduces stress and can create a lifetime of comfort, benefit and peace of mind for those who live and believe in it.

The Emperor’s New Clothes

The Emperors New ClothesThere lived a man he should still be alive now, yet matchless would like to think that he had grown up a little.He fancied himself the It Boy of Western Super- Mare, he was the guy in the latest fashion, up to age hairdos and always had this months Vanity Fair tucked under one arm.The fact that he was almost 38 and still lived in his parents ternion bedroomed semi-detached did non reckon to deter him.Being a man of simple pleasures, and having never had the intuition to actu eachy move into a place of his own and get a career, his fooling routine had not changed much over the past twenty years.No later than 8.30am each morning, his doting and somewhat bulge outtrodden mother would creep into his bedroom, careful not to wake the mountain of a son who lay snoring like a pig in his bed. She would place his plate of sausage sandwiches next to his bedside and indeed(prenominal) quietly leave closing the door gently behind her.At precisely 8.40am, he would take one last grotesque snore and then emerge from his top bunk, and haul his not so svelte figure down the two foot ladder that leant against the side, which screamed in distress any spirit he made in his descent. With one foul swoop his great hairy hand would shovel sausage sandwiches into his gawping mouth, two at a time.He would then make his way to the bathroom, where he spent about two thirds of his life.Who would squander thought that a bathroom barely capable of fitting in a bathtub, wash basin and toilet, could hold the many different cheap brands of beauty products that he had acquired over the years?Two and half-hours later and he is all get hold ofy. The better a man looks, the better a man isHe would bellow after flushing the toilet and bursting out of the bathroom with a quiff that no social disease impersonator could compare to. He had a lengthy beauty regime that was absolutely vital that he stuck to. How else was he going to pass get rid of universe the most vain person in the whole of Western Super-Mares history?One gets the impression that some of the hair that once belonged on the crown of his betoken had quietly crept to join the vast amount of hair that covered the rest of his body. As most middle-aged men do, he himself had acquired a rather big(p) grow patch.This baldness did bother his small mind. But not enough so that he did not take ultimate pride in every other inch of himself.After bathroom time, it was dressing up time. To say that he took an interest in fashion would be a laughable understatement. His desperately small bedroom was not somewhere one could kick ski binding and relax, purely due to the lack of space.He did have a lot of clothes, all the same the odd sarong and kilt. If someone famous had once worn it, or been seen in it, he would have it, or so he liked to make out. get down simply does not matter when you are not paying for anybody simply your conceited self. Rumour about the town was that he surely must have had Superior Being tattooed behind his ear, like the 666 in the Omen, but this guy was real.Once kitted out in an outfit that was about as un-flattering as he could perhaps piece together,Its next season darling, anybody can see that he would sneer to anybody who dared to scoff at him.After blowing air kisses to his mother and father, he would head off to the seafront.When on the bus, he would lay out a designer tissue on which to perch his bottom on, and cross his legs curtly. One may imagine that visual perception a middle aged bald man with the ghastliest fake tan and atrocious dress sense and perspiration problem, would be a humorous thing, but the locals were completely used to him, and paid him no attention whatsoever.In the city he would flounce around seemingly aimless, peering in at the most pricey shops and throwing lesser beings nasty looks.Then, he would go to his favourite caf, a low key seaside affair, that his Great Aunt happened to own. Here, he could ge t free cocoa and cream cakes. This was a privilege he had been abusing ungrate overflowingy for as long as his great aunt could remember.He was definately not one to say no to something free (as his unlucky relative had realised). This was his critical downfall.It was a day like any other in the caf, when he was approached by a young woman complete with fake breasts, a fake smile, and an incredible amount of orange makeup on, a saleswoman.He glanced her up and down, his eyes did not stumble upon an pricey lable, therefore he returned to his article without bothering to utter a word.Sir, sorry to disturb you, as you look like a very busy manAt which point, his Aunt spluttered in the background.She continued,My company are the newest in follicle technology, we deal in complicated science procedures, to bring men like yourself back smiling, with a full head of hair Which was then her queue to throw him a dazzling smile with gleaming eyes. Luckily, she had his attention.Menlike mysel f? He growled ferociously, spraying her with saliva.The womans smile did not crack.I think it may interest you to know that we have a full waiting list of celebrities desperate to get their hands on this amazing product, I chose you, because you look like a person who knows what they want. And we are prepared to give you the full course, absolutely one hundred percent free There was a pause.Inside his head, cogs were turning slowly. Celebrities. Desperate. FreeHe took a deep breath in, stood up proudly, his nose in the air and slammed his great hairy fist down on the table smashing four empty mugs and declared,Ill do itQuick as a flash, his details were down on paper and he look at on with his coffee, smug, with the prospect of a full head of hair.A month or so later, at 8.30am a parcel arrived next to his sausage sandwiches. At first sighting, the grown man inside of him let out a high pitched squeak of excitement.He dropped to his knees like an eager child, tearing forward the p ackaging in glee.Minutes later, sat amdist a sea of bubble wrap, he cradling his new elixir.Follicle SOS hair rejuvenator with added vitaminsHe gasped in awe at this magic product and once again felt smugly aware that he had been hand picked to use it.After studying the instructions, here began the discourse. This is not the kind of treatment he had in mind though. One must bear in mind, that his peers were not very fond of him.Every day he applied the magical cream, and every night, he checked his bald spot for improvement. No such luck. In fact, he wasnt entirely sure, but it looked like his hair was getting sparser.After three weeks of applying the cream, he was not a happy customer. He had even stopped going out to the seafront for his regular coffee and cream cakes. For not only had his bald spot stayed bald, but to his horror it had increased in size.He rang the helpline. Sitting there in his mothers favourite chair, on hold, for most of an hour. Until the same lady who he h ad spoken to before answered.A whole string of violent abuse later, the woman replied,The treatment has to get rid of the original hair, in order to officiate on the head as a whole, and produce shiny healthy looking locks. Because you sir, are worth it She purred.Nothing like a cheap plaudit to dampen his rage.So, religiously, he carried on applying it.Until the final day came, when he awoke one morning completely, outrageously bald, not to mention shiny. Alongside his sausage sandwich was a small letter.He opened it happily,Popular as ever he thought.Inside the letter, was a note written by hand. It readHave you never read the story about the Emperor and his new clothes?Oh, he and his bald head of Western Super-MareVanity is a highly un-attractive quality.Consider the lesson taughtOn the back of the note, were the signatures of every person in his neighbourhood.Hands shaking, he laid down the note gently. Promptly strolled downstairs, leaving his sausage sandwiches behind, picke d up the yellow pages and looked up, designer toupees.

American mindset Essay

Cheri understand earned a PhD and pursued the c arer of a professor, soon enough she can non get over the fact that she had been raised by parents who belonged to the work(a) class (Register 10). Their work is reviled by affluent Americans, including those that belong to the same class as Register, at one time that she has escaped life in the small town of America that she grew up in (Register 19). Her old town continues to appear as working-class in suit (Register 17). Her daughters, who have been raised in a city, miss the presence of the likes of Gap and Contempo in the working class town (Register 17).According to Register, class consciousness is an organic element of the American mindset. Even as those Americans who do not have to provide cheap labor for their children to achieve something different and better find it at ease to look down upon the labor class, Register believes that the work provided by the poor plurality of America are essential albeit unpleasant (Reg ister 19). Somebody has to work in the packinghouse, just as somebody else is required to work in a food processing plant at the minimum wage rate.Those who escape the working class lifestyle are individuals like Register who find it easy to perform mental labor and obtain the academic degrees required to climb the carry of material success (Register). As the example of Gap and Contempo shows, people from different socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States must needs have different acquire habits. When unemployed people from Registers small town are invited to a Christmas store, some of them refuse to purchase anything nice (Register 21). A sense of expiration has been built into their mindsets (Register 21).Yet, those who are able to afford luxuries are conscious of the differences between a paper-thin deli turkey and a frozen turkey loaf (Register 13). What is more, people from the working class, perhaps because they are exposed for long periods of time to disagreeable wor king conditions, have come to believe that the rich and educated people are amoral. Register writes My dad once paid this great compliment to my brother-in-law Rog is such a nice guy youd never even know he was educated (13). She further describes the teaching of her father thus Hadnt he taught me that rich people arent happy, that Republicans will do you in formoney, that we . . . the little guys . . . the characterless working people are little and ordinary precisely because we are too moral to do what it takes to get rich? (Register 6- 7). Of course, the major part of Registers book is a description of the labor union strike that she observed as a youth in small town America. The working class felt exploited by the rich. Register was confronted by the fol mortifieding question being worked on for a solution Whose rights should prevail, those who supply the money or those who supply the labor that keeps towns like Albert Lea vital (Register 20)?It was the first time that the auth or was exposed to the word Unfair being applied to weighty questions of justness that may be in dispute forever (Register 20). This is to say that the poor would continue feeling exploited by the rich, who may or may not be concerned about ethics and equality as they seek greater profits by fling low wages to those that work sullen to sustain their families, hoping for their children to have a better life. The author writes about powerless workers up against a heartless adversary (Register 163).On a similar note, her great-grandfather had write about the picturesque landscape being destroyed because of the greed of those that hoped to make money, whether they did so through deforestation or construction of manufacturing plants (Register 18). Thus, people from low socioeconomic backgrounds express themselves as ethical as compared to those who compete against each other to get richer by the day regardless of whether they must usurp the rights of others in the process.As mentioned before, those who are well-off, on the other hand, continue to look down upon the kind of work performed by the working class folks even though their services are equally important, according to the author. Although Register would not like her children to be exposed to unlikable working conditions that her parents had survived, she would not stop respecting the dignity of people from low socioeconomic backgrounds. She understands their mindset better than those individuals from the rich class who have never seen their parents as low wage workers.People who have never seen their loved ones in difficult conditions may continue to exploit the poor. As Register writes, this conflict may be never-ending. In other words, the capitalists of America may continue offering low wages to labor in order to enhance profits. For this reason, Registers book offers lavish food for thought to educated Americans. Due to their efforts in the right direction, that is, to reverse the plague of inequality , it is possible that in future working class Americans would stop feeling belittled by the capitalists even as the last mentioned would stop usurping their human rights.

Thesis Sample

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COM******* About This File response 1280720 Run time 26 seconds Codec Used photo jpeg File Type Quicktime Created by Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it After set up Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i look forward to you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com proc ess Support Us here is how 1. Make a bribe 2. Sign up for our newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have either questions or suggestions please stomach them in the forum here http//givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution 1280720 Run time 26 seconds Codec Used photo jpeg File Type Quicktime Created by Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. 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COM******* About This File Resolution 1280720 Run time 26 seconds Codec Used photo jpeg File Type Quicktime Created by Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http//givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution 1280720 Run time 26 seconds Codec Used photo jpeg File Type Quicktime Created by Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http//givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution 1280720 Run time 26 seconds Codec Used photo jpeg File Type Quicktime Created by Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it After e ffects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http//givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. 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Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http//givemefreeart. com/phpBB3Thesis SampleLyceum of the Philippines University enquiry and Publications Center RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. 0 (Working)/ surname An Assessment on the Impacts of Gastronomic tourism in Intramuros Restoration 2. 0 Name of ProponentFrance Kayla M. VillamorH-444B 2. 1 College/DepartmentCollege of International tourism and Hospitality Management 3. 0 narration of the Problem Generally, the study seeks to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros.The researcher would like to know if the said subset of Cultural Tourism can have a great effect in the program of the Department of Tourism in restoring a heritage site of Intramuros. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions 1. What is the visibility of the respondents in terms of 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Frequency of visit in Intramuros1. 3. a Local tourist1. 3. b. Foreign tourist 2. 4 Reasons for visiting Intramuros 2. What argon the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros? 3. 5 By the Department of Tourism 3. By the Intramuros AdministrationAmong these programs, what are for Gastronomic Tourism? 3. What is the current perspective of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros? 4. How can Gastronomic Tourism be beneficial to capture a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros? 5. What are the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros? Objectives of the psychoanalyze (Formulate the research objectives) 1. To collect the profile of the respondents visiting Fort Santiago. 2. To list the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration and to classify what is for Gastronomic Tourism. . To know the current status of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros. 4. To analyze the hits of developing Gastronomic Tourism in capturing a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros. 5. To enumerate the effects of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros. 4. 0 Background of the Study (Discuss the significance of the study, how the study contributes to existing knowledge, social relevance of the study, basic assumptions as well as the scope and limitation of the study) World Tourism Organization (2009) defines Tourism as, It omprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, melody, and other purposes not related to the exercise of an bodily process remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism in general has two forms Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism. Mass Tourism represents the traditional transportation of gigantic scale of people in a short period of time, while Alternative Tourism represents a modern small-scale tourism.Furthermore, Alternative Tourism is classified advertisement from Natural Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Events Tourism, and other forms of Tourism. UNWTOs Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals will reach 1. 6 billion by the year 2020. East Asia and the peaceful is on the second place in the top three regions that are expected to have a high volume of tourist arrivals of with a snatch of 397 million. According to the Department of Tourism (DoT), the volume of tourists from January to April 2012 has increased by 14. 61% from last years 1,306,944 to this years 1,497,851.Koreans are still in the 1st rank on the most numbered of tourist which accumulates to 330,343 which is 22. 05% of the total visitor inflow. Followed by Americans with a figure of 239,978 which is 16. 02% of visitor share. National Statistical Census identity card (NSCB) used the 2010 info from DoT offices and come up that Metro Man ila has 2. 3 million domestic arrivals. (Expat, 2012) One of the most popular tourist destinations in Manila is the walled city of Intramuros. It was built on 1571 by the Spaniards during their occupation.It came from Latin words intra muros which literally means within the walls. It is the oldest district in Manila that is surrounded by thick, high walls. (Philippine Country) In 2003, former DoT Secretary Richard Gordon has chosen Intramuros to be the venue of Best of Regions a year-long event for the Visit Philippines 2003. (Manila Bulletin, 2003)- In able to ease in the preservation of the historical place of Intramuros, the researcher aims to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the area. 5. 0 Significance of the Study Research is an important legal instrument to help specific group/s of individual to test, to evaluate, and to discover new things that will be later beneficial to them. Developing Gastronomic Tourism in a historical place like Intramuros can have a gr eat effect to the local community and to other related areas of Tourism. This study aims to benefit the following groups. 1. Department of Tourism. An increase in the volume of tourists coming in to your locality is a good indication of a growing industry.It is directly proportional to employment, income, and infrastructure. It also reflects the potential of the place in the field of tourism. 2. Intramuros Administration. The result will give them the information on how can Gastronomic Tourism affects the tourism business in Intramuros. 3. Travel Brokers. This includes Travel Agents and Travel Wholesalers that offer tour packages in Intramuros. They can attract more tourism consumer especially foreign tourists by including a more personal Filipino experience than their usual travel pattern. . Foreign and Local tourists. One of the reasons why people travel is to satisfy their gastronomical cravings. grown them the chance to experience authentic Filipino cuisine from different regi ons of the country by just visiting one place can help them to deliver time and money. 5. LPU. A huge part of the schools population is from the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management hence this research may be useful to the students from the said college as their reference material. 6.Future Researchers. Tourism and Culinary related courses are now on its peak the result of this study can give other students further information that they can be used in the future. 6. 0 Scope and Limitation (with population and sample) The study will focus on Gastronomic Tourism, a subset of Cultural Tourism, wherein the researcher will enumerate all programs being imposed by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration in ordinate to restore the heritage site of Intramuros.This information will be used in unhurriedness the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in restoration of Intramuros and in weighing the current status and development of the said subset of Tourism. The researcher will give out survey questionnaire which will be delimited to international and domestic tourists coming in at Fort Santiago, Intramuros. The researcher will get the average number of tourist (N) from July 9 to 11, 2012 at 8a. m. to 5p. m. and will use the Slovins expression to come up to the total number of respondents (n) that will be used in the study.There will be an age bracket to maintain the reliability of data that will be gathered. 7. 0 Working Bibliography (Include bibliography and web bibliography) 1. www. world-tourism. org 2. Best of Metro in Intramuros. Retrieved from October13, 2004, http//www. travelsmart. net/article/105571/ 3. Intramuros Manila Philippines. Retrieved from 2006, www. philippinecountry. com/philippine_tourist_spot/intramuros. html 4. Ramos, R. (2012, June24-July7).Battle Over Top Tourist Destination Not Over Yet? Expat, pp. 1 8. 0 Gantt Chart of Activities Type of Activity June July Gantt Chart Refine your yie ld with your advisor Approval of topic Draft of chapter 1 Submission of research proposal chapter 1 9. 0 Research Related Costs Details Amount (in Pesos) Printing Panel Fees Research Binding (LPU Publications Office) 10. 0 Profile of ResearcherName France Kayla M. Villamor Age20 Gender Female Birthdate July 17, 1992 Course BSIHM-HRA Proposal Evaluation Rating _______ Endorsed byLeonardo Hogar D. R. D. M_______ Evaluated byJoseph Monzon_______________ Evaluated by_Dr. Gerald Abergos Research Adviser Research Panelist Research Panelist

Medical Tourism in South India

MEDICAL TOURISM IN SOUTH INDIA A wonk PERSPECTIVE OF INDIAN MEDICINE SYSTEM J. Swaminathan AVCCE Health is wealth (Ayurveda To Yoga) ABSTRACT The Indian Systems of music include Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy is quaint and has the roots in handed-down corpse of aesculapian treatments in tune with the Mother Nature. aesculapian tourism is the emerging industry coterminous to the IT boom and India is the second best destination as of now. Especially the Indian Systems of Medicine, in South India can become the leader in medical Tourism Industry.This paper tries to appraise the facts and future possibilities found on a SWOT perspective. Introduction Without sound health we cannot achieve anything in our life, nor enjoy what ever we have. In service sector the concept of aesculapian Tourism is catching up at lightning speed across the world. The act of traveling to other countries for medical, surgical and other forms of health cope along with re creation is called Medical Tourism. hatful from advanced countries, including the United States and Europe, see a benefit in traveling to developing third world countries, like India, Thailand, Philippines, South Africa, and etc. hile combining medical treatments with inexpensive vacation. According to a study conducted by the Confederation of Indian Industry and Mc Kinsey consultants (2004), 1,50,000 foreigners visited India for treatment, with the number rising by 15 percent a year. The number has increased to 2, 72,000 in 2007 and has crossed the 3 lakhs mark in 2008. ASSOCHAM has predicted that this will grow by 22 to 25% in the coming years. field The main deal for medical tourism is generated from millions of Indians who pull round abroad, though a growing number of foreigners are also keen on speedy and in expensive treatment.They are influenced by two important facts India now has many world-class private hospitals and the alternative medicates are available in abundanc e. Foreigners are see India for serious medical help as well as rejuvenation therapies and other specific purposes. Medical Tourism has been a popular concept in countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Costa Rica, Hungary, India, Israel, Jordan, and Lithuania. South Africa specializes in medical Safaris-visit the country for a safari, with a stock over for plastic surgery.Due to liberalization of our economy and incorporation of health care profession, India has entered the industry in exclusively recent times. Indias corporate hospitals are fully equipped with up market and efficiency. The Indian Systems of Medicine also has become a valid reason for them particularly in stay cure and alternative treats. Medical Tourism is poised to be the contiguous Indian success story after Information Technology. According to recent study of ASSOCHAM, in 2008 the size of industry was estimated Rs 1500 crore and it would grow into Rs. 9500 crores by 2015 with an annual harvest-feas t rate of 30 %.The Indian government has predicted that Indias $ 17 billion a-year health care industry would grow by 13% in next four years. Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) The Indian Systems of Medicine include Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy together characterized under the department of AYUSH in the union health and family welfare ministry. During the ninth plan, with an expenditure of more than Rs. 1,000 crore, a quantum jump in outlays on schemes for development and promotion of AYUSH system of medicine has been achieved during Tenth and Eleventh Plan.Indians are known for their hospitality and warmth. India has an incomparably rich heritage in antediluvian systems of medicine that make up a veritable treasure house of knowledge for both preventive and curative health care. somewhat 1000 BC when Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) were fully documented in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Thus, ISM is considered to be one of the oldest organi zed systems of medicine for positive health and cure of human sickness. The most important and massive ancient compilation of the school of medicine is known as Charaka Samhita.It contains several chapters dealing at length with internal medicine. About six hundred drugs of plant, animal and mineral origin are described in it. But traditional medicine was ignored when western medical knowledge and procedures were introduced into the country. Once again the same has regained its limelight. Ayurveda Ayurveda means the science of life in Sanskrit. It is one of oldest and the best documented among the ancient systems of medicine. From the Charaka Samhita (600 B. C) and the Susruta samhita. Yoga & Naturopathy Yoga is not really a system of medicine.Its objectives are self- realization and spiritual union with all pervasive divine cosmic power. But certain go-between practices and yogic attitudes have proved beneficial for reducing stress, preventing many lifestyle- think diseases, and promoting general health and well being. Naturopathy is based on the fundamental principles of airbed. The basic tenet of Naturopathy is to live according to the laws of nature disease occurs due to the accumulation of toxins in the body, and to cure the ailment, the body is purified with the use of natural methods, dietary regulations and exercise.Unani The Unani system originated in the fourth and ordinal century BC in Greece under the patronage of Hippocrates (460BC-377)and Galen. The system is based on the humoural theory that well-behaved health depends on the balance of the four humours blood, phlegm, white-livered bile and black bile. Siddha Siddha means a master thus the name denoted the mastery of such practices. The most famous of the siddha was Nagarjuna, whose rasatantra forms the basis of this system. The distinctive features of siddha are its reliance on minerals and metallic compounds, and its emphasis on rejuvenation therapies. homeopathy The term homeopathy comes from the Greek word homios means like and pathos means suffering. Homeopathy works by looking at the symptoms, will take into account the individuals mental, physical, emotional,and spiritual health before deciding the treatment. Homeopathy is based on the principles that like cures like. Current State of Affairs The American Medical Association (AMA) has conducted a cost comparison study of health care in different countries.The surgical procedures and the dental treatment procedures have a cost advantage approximately 1/6th of the cost in USA. in like manner the waiting period for even a simple surgery is minimum 6 months and specialty treatments are 9-12 months in USA / UK which is close instant in India. AMA has proved though there are many countries less expensive than USA, India is the least expensive compared to European and Asian countries. Table 1 Summary of Medical care, Medical Manpower facilities available under Indian Systems of Medicine Facilities Ayurveda Un ani Siddha Yoga Naturopathy Homeopathy Total Hospitals 2398 268 231 8 18 230 3203 Beds 42963 4489 2401 135 722 10851 61561 Dispensaries 13914 1010 464 71 56 5836 21351 Registered 453661 46558 6381 0 888 217850 725338 Practitioners outset Department of Ayush, - Health & Family welfare, Government of India. The Indian Systems of Medicine is given more importance in southern India.The state like Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and other states in India plays a key percentage in medical tourism. Kerala-The Pioneer State Kerala has pioneered health tourisim in India. Kerala has strongly focused on Ayurveda and its wide array of treatments and medications, good facilities are also available in other traditional forms of medicine as well as in modern medical treatment. Kerala is Capitalizing on its adequate Cultural Heritage and alternate Medical Therapies. Karnatakas Foray The government of Karnataka has ambitious plans to make Karnataka the top health tourism desti nation not only in India but transnationally. In fact, the government is setting up a Bangalore International Health CityCorporation for provision of a wide flesh health care products and treatments. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has multi speciality hospitals that offer the best medical treatment at surprisingly low rates. In the state confused other forms of medicine, viz, Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Nature Therapy and Yoga are also practiced, which the foreigners are inclined to patronize. The Tourism Department is taking steps to promote the illness to wellness concept by developing tourism with health care. Andhra Pradesh The famous Nizamia General Hospital is the one of its kind probably in the whole world to use Unani system of medicine, since 1938 and treating almost 1500 outpatients every day.The state made rejuvenation theraphy , alternative medicine, yoga and traditional healing systems as its main tourist attraction. Maharastras Unlimited Potential This state, as a gateway to In dia, offers tremendous potential to develop medical tourism. The latest addition in Mumbai is the Asian Heart Institute at Bandra-Kurla complex, which offers state-of-the art facilities for all types of totality complications and even preventive cardiological treatment to avoid heart alignments and keep under control a host of heart problems. This institute in collaborating with the Cleveland Institute, U. S. A offers fin Star services at reasonable prices. Medical InfrastructureIn India, it is estimated that there are 15,000 hospitals, 8,75,000 hospital beds, 5,00,000 doctors, 7,37,000 Nurses, 170 medical colleges, 3, 50,000 retail chemist outlets. Around 18,000 new doctors are added every year. Almost 80,000 additional beds are still required. Given below is a SWOT Analysis of the Indian Systems of Medicine and Medical Tourism Industry in its current state STRENGTHS WEAKNESS Quality Service at Affordable Cost No strong government live on / initiative to promote medical Vast supply of qualified doctors tourism International Reputation of ospitals and Doctors Low Coordination between the various players in the industry multifariousness of tourism destinations and Experiences airline operators, hotels and hospitals Traditional and Ancient systems of Medicine Customer Perception as an unhygienic country No proper accreditation and regulation system for hospitals lose of uniform pricing policies across Hospitals OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Fast-paced life style increases demand for wellness tourism and Strong competition from countries like Thailand, Malaysia and alternative cures. Singapore. Increased demand and Shortage of supply in National Health Lack of international accreditation a major inhibitor. Systems in countries like UK, Canada. Overseas medical care not covered by insurance providers. Demand from countries with underdeveloped healthcare facilities. Under enthronisation in health infrastructure. Demand for retirement homes f or elderly people especially Identifying a real and ideal practitioner is a major problem in Japanese. India. Personal touch by the doctors in India. Exploitation of tourists Traffic system is well developed and easy to go from one country to another country. Medicines and labour cost is low as compared to developed countries. Role of Government The role of Indian Government for success in medical tourism in Indian Systems of Medicines are To Regulate functioning of hospitals to build consumers trust. To encourage private investment and FDI in medical infrastructure and policymaking for improving medical tourism. To provide conducive fiscal policies providing low interest rate loans, reducing import/excise avocation for medical equipment. To Facilitate hassle free visa process and institute visa-on-arrival for patients. The government should 1. Build the ISM Brand Abroad based on noble quality service, value for money and destination diversity. 2. Promote Inter -Sectoral Coordination like aligning the activities of various players Tourism Department, Transport Operators, Hotel Associations, Escorts personnel etc. 3. Information Dissemination employ Technology about ISMI and enabling online transactions. 4. Standardization of Services like pricing, hygiene and quality standards. Role of Private Sector 1. Increased participation in edifice infrastructure 2. Integrate Horizontally by providing end-to-end healthcare solutions to consumers. 3.Joint Ventures / Alliances Tie ups with foreign institutions MEDICITIES A self-sustained healthcare hub with super specialty hospitals of international standards, ancillary facilities, research institutions, health resort, rehabilitation centers and residential apartments may be floated through a public-private partnership. Conclusion Indias growing economy and the worlds high cost medical treatments are the bright opportunities for promoting Medical Tourism. To gain an competitive advantage over othe r countries the government may use our unique, ancient and traditional Indian Systems of Medicine as a USP and can participate in developing the needed infrastructure facilities, creating network and connectivity with health, tourism and other related industries, tie-ups with other countries. The sky is open for ISM Medical Tourism.

Accounting Education: an international journal Essay

ABSTRACTThis theatre of trading operations into the perceived wideness of verbal communion aptitudes in chronicle system include the collection and analysis of vicenary and qualitative entropy from a subject surface area survey of sassy Zealand reportants, followed by a serial publication of semi-structured audiences. comply and interview entropy reveal transcription with existing literature refreshed Zealand account statement employers find all told(prenominal) spoken conversation skills some(a)what grand and a subroutine of concomitant skills extremely important, only if employers mistak competently report seldom finding the required level of ad-lib chat proficiency in clean university graduates. The see produced an inventory of 27 some atomic number 53 oral exam communicating skills that will be practice sessionful to similar investigations in different national contexts. Additionally, the findings of this study may be useful to curricular s tudy some(prenominal) in the pertly Zealand and international contexts.See more(prenominal) Satirical essay about drugsKEY address Oral talk, work chat, listen, deliveration skills, teleph angiotensin converting enzyme skills1.IntroductionAcademics and practiti iodinrs do non always concur but, in the typeface of communication skills in method of accounting graduates, these two sets of stakeholders argon in firm agreement both pen and oral communication skills are extremely important in the accounting system work- place (Albin and Crockett, 1991 Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Borzi and Mills, 2001 Hock, 1994 Johnson and Johnson, 1995 LaFrancois, 1992 McDonald, 2007 Morgan, 1997). This agreement extends crosswise international boundaries, as a proceeds of studies around the globe hand over reported the high evaluate placed on communication skills, for example in the UK (Morgan, 1997), USA (Smythe and Nikolai, 2002), and Australia (Tempone and Martin, 2003). In New Zealand , the site of the present study, academic studies into the importance of communication skills in accountancy and the challenges of t distributivelying those skills (Gardner, Milne, Stringer and Whiting, 2005 McLaren, 1990) have multiple corollaries in the workforce. method of score job advertisements regularly request both oral and indite communication skills capacity in oral communication is emphasised on the website of the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) and oral communication is an explicit broker of the assessment structure of the PCE2 examination, which concludes the second (and final) st duration of training towards becoming a Chartered Accountant in New Zealand. However, both formal studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that mod accountancy graduates practically do not possess communication skills sufficient to meet the demands of the workplace, particularly in the area of oral communication (Adler and Milne, 1994 Courtis and Zaid, 2002 Gray, 201 0 McLaren, 1990 Zaid and Abraham, 1994).Students in New Zealand may graduate with a university degree in accountancy after troika years of full-time study. ( method of accounting may also be studied in less rigorous programs at polytechnics and institutes of technology.) The intensity of the university programs of study, which are accredited by NZICA, means students have a challenging workload of technical foul study and very limited opportunity to take elective or liberal run-ins. Of course, limited level time and the resultant curricular pressures and inadequate skill mastery are not strange to the New Zealand accountancy classroom (Pittenger, Miller and Mott, 2004 Wardrope and Bayless, 1999). The globally-recognised problem of insufficient oral communication skill in accoun- tancy graduates leads to a series of in closes that need practical answers. How should university educators respond, st driftgically and pedagogically, to this reported escape of oral communication ski lls in freshlyly-fangled graduates?. What approaches and assessments at heart university courses will best meet the needs of students aspiring to successful accountancy passages?. To what extent is the development of such skills in students the responsibility of the university and what is the design of the workplace in developing oral communication skills? forrader university educators can put one over any meaningful decisions concerning pedagogy or curricula, and appropriately t to each one the oral communication skills needed for a successful accountancy charge, they need concrete information regarding exactly which specific skills are more or less valued and most needed in accountancy. Thus a question question was formu- lated to tick the value of specific oral communication skills in new graduates, as perceived by New Zealand accountancy employers. It was hoped that answers to this research question would provide educators with specific information with which to consi der their optimal pedagogical responses. The research question led to the saying and implementation of this longitudinal study. Initial research objectives were. To designate how much importance New Zealand accountancy employers placeon oral communication skills in the new graduates they hire. . To determine what specific kinds of oral communication skills are required by New Zealand accountancy employers in new graduates.. To determine the degree to which accountancy employers are finding the required oral communication skills in newly-graduated accountancy students.The study included the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, from a national survey of New Zealand accountants, followed by a series of semi-structured Oral Communication Skills in New Accountancy Graduates 277interviews. Initial findings from the jump-phase survey have been reported elsewhere (Gray, 2010). Overall, survey and interview data revealed that accountancy employers find all oral co mmunication skills somewhat important and a number of specific skills extremely important, but that the required level of general oral communication skill was seldom plunge in new graduates. Accountancy employers agreed that the monomania of strong oral communication skills improves a graduates chance of succeeding in the hiring do and also of progressing in his or her career.The study produced an inven- tory of 27 individual oral communication skills, of which sense of hearing skills were most highly valued by accountancy employers, and formal monstrance skills were considered least valu suitable, although there was disagreement on this point. It is hoped the oral communi- cation skill inventory will be useful to similar investigations in different national contexts. Additionally, the findings of this study may be of use both in the New Zealand and inter- national context in the long-term planning of curricular development.2.Literature ReviewStudies of communication in accoun tancy agree broadly on the importance of create verbally and oral communication skills. Many formal and informal studies to this point have tended to use general terms such as communication skills, or the even vaguer term generic skills1 it is difficult to ascertainthe precise meaning of such all- groking terms as they apply to rent accountancy. For example, Zaid and Abraham (1994) studied the problems encountered by accountancy graduates early in their employment careers, and reported a primary area of difficulty to be in communication with others. Baker and McGregor (2000) compared the importance perceived in communication skills by a number of accountancy stakeholder groups this study, too, only uses the broad term communication skills. De Lange, Jackling, and Gut (2006) surveyed Australian accoun- tancy graduates and found that students reported themselves to have a significant skill deficiency in the specific areas of interpersonal skills and oral expression these two broad c ategories, however, were no more closely examined or defined.Within the smaller number of studies that have examined a particular set of communi- cation skills in accountancy, most have focussed on written communication skill (Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Ashbaugh, Johnstone and Warfield, 2002 side of meat, Bonanno, Ihnatko, Webb and Jon Ng, Lloyd, Kober and Robinson, 1999 Webb, English and Bonanno, 1995). Very few studies have examined oral communication specifically, or set individual oral communication skills. Morgan (1997) is an exception in a study of accountancy professionals in England and Waleses, 1999 Hall, 1998 he identifies 13 individual skill areas within oral communication activities in accountancy. There is no agreement on a classificatory inventory of such skills. One study into oral communi- cation, by Maes, Weldy and Icenogle (1997), surveyed American business employers from a broad array of industries on graduates possession of another 13 distinct oral communication s kills.Maes et al. (1997) and McLaren (1990) both specifically list audition as a desirable communication skill and, more recently, Goby and Lewis (2000) have examined listening as a specific business communication skill. early(a) research has variously investigated a number of individual oral communication skills across a figure of business industries, including conveying expertise through spoken communication and giving intelligible explanations (Smythe and Nikolai, 2002), delivering formal presenta- tions (Wardrope, 2002), and participate in a range of more informal presentations (Crosling and Ward, 2002). The first phase of this study drew unitedly the foci and findings of previous studies in tattle to theproduction of a comprehensive list of oral communi- cation skills (Gray, 2010). 278F. E. Gray and N. MurrayAscertaining the particular requirements of accountancy employers in regard to specific communication skills should be of assistance to university educators planning the curricu- lar content and assessments of university courses, as academics and practitioners agree that written and oral communication skills are two major areas needing more attention in the university accountancy curriculum (Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Henderson, 2001 Simons and Higgins, 1993). However, the relationship between workplace demand and classroom instruction is not necessarily simple. While a considerable body of scholarship has recommended a variety of curricular improvements for university level accounting education (see, for example, Henderson, 2001 Sin, Jones, and Petocz, 2007 and Usoff and Feldmann, 1998), the literature reflects a significant concern in relation to the transfer might of taught communication skills from the university classroom environment to the real-world environment of the accountancy workplace (Beaufort, 1999 Cooper, 1997 DAloisio, 2006 Davies and Birbili, 2000 Kemp and Seagraves, 1995 Thomas, 1995).A number of academics and employers suggest that universities should not bear the absolute responsibility for developing workplace-ready communication skills in students. They argue that organisations employing new graduatesand graduates themselves should share the responsibility for developing contextualised and discourse-specific com- munication competencies (Ford, 2009 convert and Kuseski, 2001 Muir and Davis, 2004 Triebel and Gurdjian, 2009). Such competencies, after all, are developed by means of a number of contributing factors, including age and maturity, as swell up as familiarity with and length of exposure to a specific discourse community. University training, however comprehensive, cannot encompass all these variables.Research into accountancy education has also recognised the particular problems faced by English second language (ESL) speakers striving to develop written and oral communi- cation competency as well as the technical proficiencies required in accountancy work- places (Andrews, 2006 McGowan and Po tter, 2008 Webb et al., 1995). Several studies in New Zealand and internationally report on the difficulties that ESL accountancy gradu- atesface in a competitive hiring environment (Birrell, 2007 Jacobs, 2003 James and Otsuka, 2009 Kim, 2004).With regard to the specific question of developing communication skills within univer- sity-level accountancy instruction, scholars have suggested an array of learning and assessment approaches (Adler and Milne, 1997 Milne, 1999 Milne and McConnell, 2001 Tempone and Martin, 2003). This study recognises that developers of curricula must(prenominal) balance data regarding workplace demand with institutional and accreditation- related demands and a number of other pedagogical considerations. Notwithstanding, educational responses to the challenges of developing oral communication skills in students may be usefully informed by empirical data identifying the particular skills most highly valued and most pressingly needed within accountancy, as per ceived by employers themselves. This study provides such data.3.MethodThe project was conducted in two stages over the course of approximately six months. In phase one, a questionnaire was mailed to all New Zealand chartered accountancy firms, and this was followed in phase two by a series of telephone interviews with accountancy professionals. Prior to data collection, ethics approval was sought from and granted by the Ethics Committee of the authors institution. Questionnaire and interview respondents were provided with a written description of the project, were assured of confidentiality, and granted permission in the lead their responses were disked. Oral Communication Skills in New Accountancy Graduates 2793.1QuestionnaireIn the first stage, a questionnaire was sent to all New Zealand chartered accountancy firms, containing a series of questions concerning the quality of oral communication skills pos- sessed by new accountancy graduates, the specific oral communication skills which employers desire, and the role of oral communication skills in the hiring process (Gray, 2010). The majority of the questions were designed to be answered on a cinque-pointLikert scale, but the questionnaire also included several short-answer questions. The questionnaire instrument was developed through a series of iterations. The findings and design of previous New Zealand and international research studies that had identified specific communication skills were consulted (including Gray, Emerson and MacKay, 2006 Maes et al., 1997 McLaren, 1990 Morgan, 1997 Smythe and Nikolai 2002), and the individual oral communication skills collated.The muniment of individual skills was shape up extended through conversations with university colleagues in the communi- cation and accountancy departments, and then the input of New Zealand accounting prac- titioners was solicited from a pi quite a little study. The aim of these iterations was to create the fullest possible inventory of oral communication skills, and to reflect the unique aspects of the New Zealand accountancy context. A foundational study was McLarens 1990 investigation into communication skill in New Zealand accountancy. One important construct borrowed from McLaren was the distinction between listening attentiveness and listening responsiveness. Constructs were also able from studies conducted by Morgan (1997), Zaid and Abraham (1994), and De Lange et al. (2006). Smythe and Nikolais oral communication concerns model (1996, 2002) proved particularly useful in the construction of this questionnaire.This model identifies three categories of concern as a framework for grouping oral com- munication skills self-concern, task-concern, and impact (or outcome) concern. Smythe and Nikolai want that a progression takes place from one category of concern to the next in line with a persons career progression and his/her growth in experience and confidence in communicating orally in the workplace. Since the tar get world for this study was a constituency at a mature career stage within chartered accountancy firms, Smythe and Nikolais progressive divisions were not retained (although a number of their questions were incorpo sayd, particularly in the areas of task concern and impact concern). Instead, divisions between questions were created in relation to different audiences, twist on the finding of a related study (Gray et al., 2006) that New Zealand employers report new graduates to significantly lack audience awareness in their communications.After a comprehensive list of specific oral communication skills was generated, the questionnaire draft was piloted on four accountancy professionals, and their feedback enabledquestions to be refined. A number of skills that were initially individually ident- ified were limited and condensed into a smaller number of broader and more inclusive skills for example, Building audience confidence in recommendations and intercommunicate an image of sin cerity and commitment (both impact concerns from Smythe and Nikolais taxonomy) were combined into the one, more inclusive skill category, Convey- ing a get byledgeable and confident demeanour.Additionally, feedback from the pilot study led to the second of the two specified listening skills cosmos more fully explicated, thus Listening responsiveness (that is, acting appropriately on messages received). Again structure on feedback from the pilot regarding usability, the questionnaire as a whole was divided into three sections. share A captured former information including the size of the organisation and the qualifications held by new graduates hired in the last three years. Section B listed the full, final inventory of 27 individual oral 280F. E. Gray and N. Murraycommunication skills, collected into the pastime audience-related divisions I. Listening skills II. Collegial communication skills III. Client communication skills IV. Communi- cation skills with management and V. G eneral Audience Analysis Skills. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of each skill, as well as the oftenness with which this skill is found in new accountancy graduates.At the end of Section B respondents were invited to add to the questionnaire any other oral communication skills that they con- sidered important for new accountancy graduates. Section C, Final Questions, asked respondents whether oral communication training was available in or through their organ- isation, whether oral communication training should be included in university accoun- tancy education programmes, and at last to estimate the hours per working week a new accountancy graduate would be engaged in communicating orally. At the close of the questionnaire, respondents were given the option to volunteer for a work through interview.3.1.2 Respondents.The questionnaire was sent to all chartered accountancy firms listed on the New Zealand online business directory, and was addressed to the Practice Man ager as the individual most likely to havein-depth knowledge of the process of hiring new graduates. New Zealands professional accountancy body, the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) reports that 40.7% of its members work in the private sector, while the second prodigiousst percentage, 27.5%, are occupied in Chartered Accountancy practices (2008 annual report). Working on the presumptuousness that CA prac- tices hire a percentage of new graduates proportionate to their sizeable percentage of NZICA members, CA practices were chosen as the focal population for this study as they represent (in contrast to the private sector) a readily identifiable and readily contact- able group of employers.2 While the New Zealand online business directory listed 1,111 chartered accountancy firms as of 1April 2008, a number of listed organisations had ceased operations or were uncontactable, and the questionnaire was eventually mailed to 760 firms.Of 760 mailings, 146 questionn aires were returned, producing a response rate of 19.2%. While this response rate was high than the 15% usable response rate reported by McLaren in her 1990 study of New Zealand accountancy professionals, it remains margin- ally lower than the typical response rate for postal-establish questionnaires (20 40%, as given in Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996). Possible reasons for this relatively low response rate include the fact that time and funding did not permit follow-up mailings, and also the fact that the target population is frequently time-poor and frequently surveyed. While non-response diverge is an unavoidable concern when the response rate is less than 100 per cent, a low response rate does not necessarily equate to a non-response bias (Gendall, 2000).A degree of representativeness was observable in the geographical spread of respondents, the positions held by respondents (see below), and the types of businesses responding, suggesting generalisation across a range of accountancy business types is viable. The questionnaire was mailed to recess groups of potential respondents in six post- ings, each approximately 10 days apart. The order in which responses were received generally mirrored the order in which postings were mailed that is, the first groups responses were received before the second groups questionnaires began to be returned, and so on. As a record of receipt for each individual survey was not kept, early versus late response bias cannot be checked. As a single mail-out technique was used for each individual, itmay be argued that differences in respondent type are not as applicable as may be seen in a survey where some participants responded early, whereas others received several reminders and mail-outs before responding.Analyses were undertaken treating the six postings as separate groups to determine any potential differences by respondent type. All groups were similar in claiming that oral communication in general was either ne cessity or very important in the accountancy profession. Furthermore, oral communication skill was always important as a hiring factor for all mail-out groups. When comparing each group on importance and frequency of communication skills using a Kruskall-Wallis test, only one significant difference was found for frequency of listening skills seen in new graduates, x2 11.60, P ,0.05. Post- hoc Mann-Whitney U tests subsequently revealed no significant differences in frequency of listening skills seen in new graduates between any of the six groups (using a Bonferroni correction). While the questionnaires were addressed to the Practice Managers of each organis- ation, respondents revealed a degree of variability. The majority of completed question- naires were anonymous, but the respondents who identified themselves ranged from partners in large firms, to senior employees in very small firms, to Human Resources directors.3.2InterviewsThe second phase of the study involved employer inte rviews. Forty-five questionnaire respondents volunteered to be contacted for follow-up interviews, and 19 volunteers could subsequently be contacted by telephone for complete interviews. The interviewee sample size was considered adequate repayable to its purposive nature and the recent finding that, within such samples, data saturation (including metathemes and subthemes) occurs within the first 12 interviews (Guest, Bunce and Johnson, 2006). It was intended that the qualitative data from interviews would triangulate and extend conclusions arising from analysis of the quantitative data.The interview data incorporated into the study an ethnographic element, thick description, a rich, detailed description of specifics (Neuman, 2003, p.367), which helped produce more robust and credible conclusions. Telephone interviews were conducted between October and December 2008. Intervie- wees ranged from accountancy practice managers to sole practitioners, to partners in large firms. The semi -structured interviews ranged in length from 15 to 45 minutes and sought clarification of a number of issues arising from the questionnaire data, including the impli- cations of globalization for oral communication in accountancy, the impact of new technologies and the importance of telephone skills, the centrality of listening skills, and the desirability of presentation skills for graduates new to the accountancy workplace.3.3Data AnalysisOnce the data from the questionnaires was collated, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Mean and median(a) scores were calculated with regard to the importance scores given to each individual oral communication skill, and to the frequency scores (how often each skill is observed in new graduate hires). separately mean was the product of the addition of all the individual importance or frequency scores for each communication skill, divided by the sample size.The standard deviation (SD) of each mean score, as well as the inter-quartile range for the median, was also calculated to indicate the relative spread of responses, with higher figures equating to wider ranges of scores. owe to a number of missing responses, the denominator of responses to each question shows some variation. As the skill variables violated the assumption of normality (expected given the general level of agreement in employers perceptions), non-parametric tests were used. Where relevant, all assumptions of the named tests below were met. 282F. E. Gray and N. MurrayAs mentioned in 3.1, Section B of the questionnaire invited respondents to write in any further oral communication skills which they mat up were important for new accountancy graduates to possess, distinct from the 27 skills listed. Comments identifying additional skills were received from 36 respondents these comments were recorded and analysed for thematic consistency. Once the interviews were transcribed, themes were alsoidentified and analysed. Grounded theory was applied to a nalyse these themes, that is, inductive analysis in which data produce meanings, rather than meanings being applied from exterior theory (Strauss and Corbin, 2000).4.Findings4.1Research Objective 1 How Much enormousness do New Zealand Accountancy Employers Place on Oral Communication Skills in the New Graduates they choose?The questionnaire data presented a clear answer to the first research question. Oral communication skill in general was considered to be essential in a new graduate by 49.6% (n 133) of respondents a further 41.4% reported it to be very important. On a rating scale from 1 to 5, where 1 was not important and 5 was essential, the overall mean for oral communication skill in general was 4.39 (Md 4.00). A Kruskal- Wallis test found no significant difference in the importance value assigned to oral communication skill depending on the size of the organisation, x2(4) 5.48, p . 0.05. During the second phase of the study, interviewees strongly reiterated the perceive d importance of oral communication skill CL called oral communication a career divider, meaning it was indispensable to success within accountancy, and EK labelled strong oral communication a distinguishing factor setting good accountants apart from the mediocre.SWS stated Being able to communicate is a number one priority .. . and its going to get more and more important. Interview data also back up the signifi- cance of a theme that emerged from written-in comments in the questionnaire the impor- tance of oral communication skills in accountancy is perceived to be increase rapidly as a direct result of globalisation, and an increased speaking flexibility and cross-cultural adaptability are considered particularly important in this context. Reporting that they always take oral communication skill into account in hiring decisions were 64.1% (n 131) of questionnaire respondents (a total of 90.8% reported this to be a hiring factor either always or often). RT stated that strong oral communi- cation skills often proved the decisive factor in a hiring decisionThe person who presents well verbally, if you had to toss a coin between two of them, same grades and all that, the one who can communicate better, youd give it to that person I think. .. . It has to be one of the most powerful strengths or powerful weaknesses that mountain have.No questionnaire respondents reported never taking an applicants oral communi- cation skills into account in the hiring process, and several interviewees reported incorpor- ating specific checks of a candidates oral competency into their hiring process. For example, TB stated that he telephones all job applicants prior to an in-office interview, in order to gauge their skills in speaking on the telephone.4.2Research Objective 2 What Specific Kinds of Oral Communication Skills are required by New Zealand Accountancy Employers?Figure 1. Perceived importance of communication skills by perceived frequency of new graduate abilityimport ance of the individual communication skills against the perceived frequency with which these skills are seen in new graduates. Figure 1 shows that the importance and fre- quency measures follow a similar pattern. This may reflect the influence of the workplace in focussing on developing certain communication competencies in new graduates, or hiring based on those competencies being present to a certain degree. However, there is still an obvious gap between the importance of each skill and the degree to which it is seen in new graduates.4.2.1Listening skills.On a rating scale from 1 to 5, where 1 was notimportant and 5 was essential, the two skills considered most important were those of listening attentive- ness and listening responsiveness, valued respectively at 4.81 (Md 5.00)82% of respondents stratified listening attentiveness as essentialand 4.80 (Md 5.00)a further 82% of respondents classifying listening responsiveness as essential. In sub- sequent interviews, KC depict li stening to another person as being a more important skill than that of articulating ones throw thoughtsSometimes, speaking less is better than speaking more. Sometimes you have to have more listening ability. That listening ability will give you the timing of when to say things and when not to say things.. ..A number of interviewees linked listening skill to a related set of competencies concern- ing a speakers ability to create rapport and adjust to audiences needs. These interviewees spoke of the need for accountancy professionals to communicate with others (clients, colleagues, and managers) in their own language.We learn to use sometimes slightly different language in order to be able to communicate to different people and thats certainly part of our job when were in a service industry like 284F. E. Gray and N. Murrayaccountancy. We need to talk to people in their language and use words and conduct that they are comfortable with (BR emphasis added).Its important to understand y our client so that youre speaking almost in like language so that you know who you are talking to and you know they are understanding (SWS emphasis added).I think its a horses for courses principle, youve got to know your clients or the people youre dealing with. If you happen to know someone didnt like a certain elbow room or you could pick from their responses then you reply with like with like (DW emphasis added).JC mentioned adjusting vocabulary and PW mentioned adjusting messagechannel, in relation to the particular needs of the audience. MT emphasised the importance for accountancy graduates to gauge appropriateness of languageTheyve got to top that when theyre dealing with clients, or senior members of organis- ations, that theyve got to communicate it appropriately and not in a manner that they may always communicate with their friends or colleagues.Interviewees agreed that this kind of reflective adjustment to an audiences preferred register is dependent on a speakers ability to listen and make appropriate communicative changes.4.2.2 Vocabulary and slang. Several individual oral communication skills identified in the questionnaire concern engaging in dialogue and using language and channels preferred by the communication partner. These included explaining or making a topic intelligible to colleagues (x 4.28, Md 4.00, ranked ninth) giving feedback to clients (x 4.17, Md 4.00, ranked 13th) and using appropriate vocabulary for the audience, a general audience skill (x 4.21, Md 4.00, ranked 10th). Follow-up inter- view questions seeking more information concerning the importance of explanatory and vocabulary skills elicited a number of specific concerns with the use of slang by new accountancy graduates. TO stated A lot of them have devolved into .. . use of a lot of colloquialisms that may not be acceptable to the older generation. accord to NM, overly casual language destroys credibility.Its hard enough for a young person to relief in and to be heard, I guess in a business sense when youre onerous to sell to, I guess older people or experienced people. If you come out with schoolyard slang, you adoptt stand a chance.Interviews emphasised the desirability in new graduates of a wide-ranging and compromising vocabulary (described by one interviewee as a mental drop-down menu of words), oper- ating in tandem with the ability to access thecorrect level of spoken formality. After listening attentiveness and listening responsiveness, questionnaire results ident- ified the next five most highly valued individual oral communication skills as being Con- veying professional military strength of respect and interest in clients (x 4.68, Md 5.00)Asking for clarification or feedback from management (x 4.57, Md 5.00) intercommunicate on the telephone/making conference calls with clients (x 4.53, Md 5.00) Describ- ing situations accurately and precisely to superior(s) (x 4.47, Md 5.00) and Convey- ing a internal and conf ident demeanour to clients (x 4.45, Md 5.00). Please see Table 1 for a complete record of the average and median importance values accorded to each oral communication skill, as well as the reported mean and median frequency with which each skill was found in new accountancy graduates (see also, Gray, 2010).